Business Studies - XII

 The syllabus for Class XII in Business Studies for the academic year is organized as follows:

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Part A: Principles and Functions of Management

1. Unit 1: Nature and Significance of Management

   • Concept, objectives, and importance of management
   • Management as Science, Art, and Profession
   • Levels of Management, Management functions (planning, organizing, staffing, directing, controlling)
   • Coordination: Concept and importance

2. Unit 2: Principles of Management

   • Principles of management by Henri Fayol and F.W. Taylor's Scientific Management: principles and techniques

3. Unit 3: Business Environment

   • Concept and importance of business environment
   • Dimensions of business environment: Economic, social, technological, political, and legal
   • Impact of government policy changes on business (Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization)

4. Unit 4: Planning

   • Concept, importance, and limitations of planning
   • Planning process
   • Types of plans: Objectives, Strategy, Policy, Procedure, Method, Rule, Budget, Programme

5. Unit 5: Organizing

   • Concept and importance of organizing
   • Organizing process
   • Structure of organization: Functional and divisional, Formal and informal organization
   • Delegation and decentralization: Concept, elements, and importance

6. Unit 6: Staffing

   • Concept and importance of staffing
   • Staffing process
   • Recruitment process: Sources (internal and external)
   • Selection process
   • Training and development: On-the-job and off-the-job methods

7. Unit 7: Directing

   • Concept and importance of directing
   • Elements of directing: Supervision, Motivation, Leadership, Communication
   • Motivation theories: Maslow's hierarchy of needs; Financial and non-financial incentives
   • Leadership styles: Authoritative, Democratic, Laissez-faire
   • Barriers to effective communication and measures to overcome them

8. Unit 8: Controlling

   • Concept and importance of controlling
   • Relationship between planning and controlling
   • Steps in the controlling process

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Part B: Business Finance and Marketing

1. Unit 9: Financial Management

   • Concept, role, and objectives of financial management
   • Financial decisions: Investment, financing, and dividend decisions
   • Financial planning: Concept and importance
   • Capital structure: Concept and factors affecting it
   • Fixed and working capital: Concept and factors affecting their requirements

2. Unit 10: Financial Markets

   • Concept and functions of financial markets
   • Money market and its instruments
   • Capital market: Primary and secondary market, methods of floatation in the primary market
   • Stock exchange: Functions and trading procedure
   • SEBI: Objectives and functions

3. Unit 11: Marketing Management

   • Marketing: Concept, functions, and philosophies
   • Marketing mix: Concept and elements (Product, Price, Place, Promotion)
   • Product: Branding, labelling, packaging
   • Price: Factors determining price
   • Physical distribution and channels of distribution
   • Promotion: Advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations

4. Unit 12: Consumer Protection

   • Concept and importance of consumer protection
   • Consumer Protection Act 1986: Rights and responsibilities of consumers, who can file a complaint, redressal machinery, remedies
   • Role of consumer organizations and NGOs

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Part C: Project Work

• Project work involves practical applications of the concepts learned, such as conducting case studies, analyzing real-world business practices, or developing comprehensive reports on business operations.